Hītori o Waitangi
History of Waitangi
Kīia ai a Waitangi te 'Wāhi i whānau ai tō tātou Whenua', ā, ka raranga tahi i ngā aho me ngā kōrero o ngā iwi, ngā mahi me ngā wāhi nunui hei whakaatu i te hītori ahurea rētō o Aotearoa, me te aha ka tuku i te wheako whakamanawa, whaitake hoki ki ngā manuhiri katoa.
He wāhi Te Papa Whenua o Te Tiriti o Waitangi hei toronga mā ngā tāngata katoa o Aotearoa. I tīmataria hoki i reira te wāhanga nui o te hītori o Aotearoa nā te hainatanga o He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni i te tau 1835 me te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840.
Ka kitea a Waitangi i tēnei rā hei tūrangawaewae mō rātou katoa e kī ana ko Aotearoa tō rātou kāinga. E āta tirohia ana ngā mahi i mua i te haingatanga o aua pepa, te hainatanga anō, me te hāngai tonu o ēnei ki tō tātou whenua, i roto i Te Kōngahu.
Waitangi; Mr Busby’s (detail) by John Kinder (Collection of Waitangi National Trust WNT1962/4/1)
Scene at the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi 1840 (detail) by L.C. Mitchell (Collection of Waitangi National Trust WNT1949/18/1)
Sir Āpirana Ngata leading the haka at the opening of Te Whare Rūnanga, 6 February 1940 from the New Zealand Centenary Album (Collection of Waitangi National Trust 1989/166/1)
Te Hītori o Neherā
Ko te kōrero tuatahi o mua mō Waitangi i puta i ētahi rau tau mahi i mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā. I whakanohoia a Maikuku, he puhi, he uri nā Rāhiri, te whaea hoki o Te Rā, te tupuna taketake o te hapū o Ngāti Rāhiri, i roto i tētahi ana i te kūrae o Waitangi; he wāhi e mōhiongia ana i tēnei wā ko Te Ana o Maikuku. Mō ngā kōrero anō mo Maikuku me ngā hapū o Ngāti Rāhiri me Ngāti Kawa pāwhiri ki konei
E tohu ana ngā tirotirohanga whaipara o te Papawhenua o te Waitangi National Trust i ngā pae koni atu i te 100, ko te nuinga i te takutai, e pātata ana rānei ki te manga o Hutia. He ahu otaota kota te maha, erangi kua tautohungia ētahi hei wāhi tapu, ka mutu, ka kitea he taunakitanga o tētahi pā i te wāhi o te papa korowhā. I whakaatu mai ngā kōrero a ngā tāngata tuatahi nō Urupi ehara i te nui te taupori o Waitangi, ā, ko te āhua rā i nohoia ngā kāinga mō ētahi wāhanga o te tau anake. He kāinga ērā e whai pānga ana ki ngā kāinga mai i te Aka o te Awa o Waitangi tae atu ki Roto Ōwhareiti, ā, i nohoia e Ngāti Rāhiri ngā pā i Waitangi, Te Aute, Pākaraka me Pou.
Ko ngā Pākehā tuatahi ki te whakariterite i te hokonga whenua i Waitangi ko ngā Hall, he mihingare nāna i hoko te 50 eka mai i Waraki o Ngātou Pou i te 1815. I tae atu ngā Hall me ngā kaikani tokorua, a Conroy rāua ko Campbell, ki Waitangi, ā, ka hīraungia pōkerehūngia ki ngā mahi tōrangapū whakatete o te wā. Ko te mutunga mai o taua whakatete ko te hīrere whakarekereke, me te aha ka wehe atu a Conroy rātou ko Campbell ko ngā Hall i Waitangi i te 1815 me te 1816.
Te Nohonga o te Kainoho Piritene
I te tau 1831 i tukuna he reta nā Te Whakaminenga arā Te Whakaminenga o Ngā Hapū o Niu Tireni, i Kororipo Pā i Kerikeri ki te Karauna o Piritene. I tono whakamaru taua reta mō te Māori me te āwhina ki te whakahaere i ngā kaipūwhenua e taetae mai ana. He mea kopou a Hēmi Puhipi e te Karauna i te tau 1832, ka whakamanahia hei Kainoho Tuatahi Piritene ōkawa o Aotearoa.
I hoko a Puhipi i te tīti a Hall, me te whakaoti i ngā whakawhitinga whenua motuhake e iwa ki ētahi rangatira o ngā hapū o te takiwā, ko te 270 eka te tapeke. I hangaia te Nohonga o te Kainoho Piritene (ko te Whare Tiriti kē ināianei) i runga i taua whenua.
I te tau 1834 i tono a Puhipi kia haere mai Te Whakaminenga ki Waitangi ki te kōwhiri i tētahi haki hou e tautohungia ai rātou. I tū tētahi pōtitanga i te 20 o Māehe i taua tau, ā, ka kōwhiringia Te Kara o te Whakaminenga o Ngā Hapū o Nu Tireni.
HE WHAKAPUTANGA O TE RANGATIRATANGA O NIU TIRENI 1835
Tae mai nei ki 1835, nā te hiahia tupu tonu kia āhukahukatia a Aotearoa (me tōna kāwanatanga) ka tū tetahi huinga o ngā rangatira i Waitangi. Nā ō rātou āwangawanga ki ngā takune o ngā Pākehā e ngaringari ake ana, i haina rā ngā rangatira i tētahi puka tērā i whakapuaki ko Aotearoa he 'whenua rangatira'. I āhukahukatia Te Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni, i tautokona hoki e te Kāwanatanga o Piritene, ā, i kawe haerehia puta noa i Aotearoa ki te kohi hainatanga tae mai ki 1839.
I te marama o Hune 1835 kua tere mai te tangata Wīwī, ko Charles Phillipe de Thierry te ingoa, ki roto i Te Moananui-a-Kiwa, ka mutu, ka tauākī mai ko ia te Kīngi o Nuku Hiva o Ngā Motu o Mākiha. Kātahi ka whakamōhio atu i a Hēmi Puhipi ki tōna hiahia ki te tau mai ki uta ki Aotearoa me te whakatū ko ia anō hei "ariki tauaroa" o Aotearoa1. I kitea mārikatia e Hēmi Puhipi te koronga o De Thierry ki te kerēme i te tino rangatiratanga hei whakatuma hāngai ki te tūnga me te mana o Piritene i Aotearoa, me te aha ka whakautua ki tāna anō whakapuakanga.
E noho ana He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tireni i te tau 1835 te Whakaputanga whaimana o te Tino Rangatiratanga o te Māori ki runga i ngā whenua i mōhiongia i mua ko Nu Tireni, erangi e mōhio nuitia ana hei Aotearoa. I tuhi tuatahitia tēnei puka turepapa e Puhipi, nāna i whakarite kia whakamāoritia e te Minita Hēnare Wiremu nō te Rōpū Hāhi Mihinare.
He whā ngā upoko o He Whakaputanga. Ko te tuatahi, ka whakapuaki ngā Rangatira o Te Whakaminenga o Ngā Hapū o Niu Tireni, ko Aotearoa he whenua tū motuhake. Ko te tuarua, ka noho pūmau ngā mana rangatiratanga o Aotearoa ki ngā rangatira tōpū o te whenua. Whai mai i ērā ka tū he hui taumata i ia ngahuru ki Waitangi, ā, ko tā te upoko tuawhā, he whakarite kia whakaratohia he kape mā te Kīngi o Ingarangi. Nā Eruera Pare Hongi, he whanaunga tata ki a Hongi Hika, tētahi tauira whakamutunga o He Whakaputanga i whakaputa tērā i haina rawatia e ngā rangatira 34 o te Tai Tokerau i te 28 o Oketopa.
Ko tā Hēmi Puhipi āwhina ko tana tuku inamata i taua Whakaputanga ki te tari koroniara i Piritene, ā, i hoatu ōkawatia ki a Kīngi Wiremu Te Tuaono nāna i whakapūmau i te mana rangatiratanga o te Māori mā te rēhita i te haki tuatahi o Nu Tireni - Te Kara2. Tae mai ki Hūrae 1839, kua waitohua te pepa e ētahi atu rangatira 18 mai i ngā tōpito e whā o te motu.
Ki te Māori, he tāpaetanga kōrero He Whakaputanga o tō rātou mana i runga i ngā whenua e mōhiotia ana ko Aotearoa. Ki ngā iwi o Te Tai Tokerau e kitea mārikatia ana He Whakaputanga hei pepa matua ki Te Tiriti, me tā rātou kī he mea āta hiahia te whakamanatanga o te tino rangatiratanga kia taea ai te Tiriti o Waitangi i whai atu i te tau 1840 te whakatūte 3. Mō te taha ki a James Busby, kua kī mai ētahi he hoari matarua He Whakaputanga, arā he taputapu hei ārai i ngā kerēme Wīwī ki te mana rangatiratanga, me te āwhina ki te whakatairanga i te hononga mahi kaha ake ki te Māori i taua wā tonu.
Te Tiriti o Waitangi
I Hanuere 1840 ka tae mai a Wiremu Hopihana ki Pēwhairangi i runga anō i te tono a te Kāwanatanga o Piritene kia hangaia he tiriti ki te Māori. Nā Hēmi Puhi i tuku kia whakahaerengia e ia he hui ki te taha o Te Whakaminenga hei whakarongo ki tā Hopihana marohi.
I tae mai te hia rau Māori ki te hui kōrerorero i te 5 o Pepuere i Waitangi, me te taenga tawhiti mai o ētahi rangatira nō Ngāti Tūwharetoa. Nā Hopihana ngā kupu Ingarihi i tuhi, nā Puhipi i whakatika, i mua i te whakawhitinga ki te reo Māori e te Minita Henare Wiremu rāua ko tana tama a Erueti, ka mutu, ka tāpaengia ki te aroaro o ngā rangatira.
I whakaputa te tokomaha o ngā rangatira i ō rātou whakaaro, ahakoa whakaae, ahakoa whakahē, mō te haina i te tiriti e marohitia ana. I haere tonu ngā kōrerorero tae ki te pō roa, ā, i te ata o te 6 o Pēpuere i reri ētahi rangatira ki te haina.
I kawea haeretia he kape o Te Tiriti o Waitangi ki ngā rohe o te whenua kia waitohua ai. I Mei i taua tau, i whakaputaina e Hopihana te Pānui Tino Rangatiratanga, i kī i a Kuini WIkitoria te 'Tino Rangatiranga katoa o ngā Motu o Nu Tireni'. I pērā ahakoa e kawea haerehia tonuhia ana he kape o te Tiriti kia hainangia ai. I te mutunga o te haerenga e whitu marama te roa o ngā kape Tiriti, tata ki te 540 ngā rangatira kua haina. Heoi he maha horekau i haina, erangi ki a Hopihana me te Tari Koroni kua whiwhi kē i a rātou te 'whakaae herekore i runga i te mōhio' a ngā rangatira Māori.
I Muri i te Tiriti
Nā ngā rerekētanga i ngā kupu o te tauira reo Ingarihi me te tauira reo Māori e pā ana ki te tino rangatiratanga me te pupuri whenua me ētahi atu rawa, kua puta mai te nanu nunui mai anō i te hainatanga. I roto i te rima tau kua tīmata ake ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa nā te Pakanga o Kororāreka. I haere ngā pakanga i ngā wāhi rerekē o te whenua mō ētahi ngahuru tau, me te aha he nui ngā mate, he nui ngā oranga i ngaro, he nui ngā whenua i raupatuhia.
Tae mai ki 1867, kua tino nui ake te maha o te Pākehā i tō te Māori, ā, kua raupatungia te nuinga o ngā whenua o te Māori. Ka tukuna e whā ngā tūru pāremata ki te Māori, ā, mai i tēnei orokohanga tōrangapū i tupu mai tō te Māori kaha i roto, i waho hoki i te pūnaha tōrangapū.
Whai muri i te koni atu i te 100 tau ko te hua o tō te Māori aumangea ko te whakamanatanga o te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi i te 1975, he ture e urungi ana me te arataki i te ngā take me ngā kerēme katoa e pā ana ki te Tiriti i Aotearoa. Nā taua ture i whakatūria ai Te Rōpū Whakamana i Te Tiriti o Waitangi e whakawāwā ana, e whakatau kerēme ana mai i te 1975, me ana mahi haere tonu hei wāhanga taketake o tō te Māori onāianei ū tonu ki te takaoraora me te manawaroa o ō rātou tūpuna.
Ko te Rā o Waitangi, he rā whakanui i te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi, he whakaaetanga o ngā mahi hītori o Aotearoa, ka mutu ka tuku i te whai wāhitanga ki ngā tāngata katoa o Aotearoa ki te whai whakaaro ki te tūnga o te Tiriti i tēnei rā tonu. I ēnei tau tata kua pahure e huihui tahi ana ngā rōpū tōrangapū rerekē o te Kāwanatanga i Te Whare Rūnanga, te wāhi i haina tuatahingia ai te Tiriti, ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te mana whenua.
Header image credit:
Ivy Copeland pastel. "Commissioned by Lord Bledisloe in 1930s". Copy of Louis Steele's original. (WNT1999.3.1)
1 Sinclair, Keith (1986). A History of New Zealand (3rd ed.).Auckland, New Zealand. Pp. 52-53.
2 Te Kara – A flag established in 1834 by James Busby, assisted by northen chiefs and Eruera Pare Hongi.
3 Wīhongi (1990). Ngāpuhi Speaks.
